This article takes a quick tour of the Munich ChronoType
Questionnaire (MCTQ) main functions from the mctq
package.
Please see the function documentation and other articles/vignettes for
more details.
The same features presented here can also be used with \(\mu\)MCTQ. To make it easy for newcomers, some MCTQ\(^{Shift}\) functions and other special functions are not shown.
We assume that you already have R installed and have some familiarity with R and MCTQ data. We also strongly recommend using RStudio as your IDE (Integrated Development Environment).
It’s a good idea to have the standard MCTQ questionnaire open while reading this introduction. That way you can have a better understanding of the data objects we are going to deal with. You can download a copy of the MCTQ full standard version here.
Let’s start with the basics. The first thing you must do to use
mctq
is to have some MCTQ data and mctq
installed and loaded.
Install mctq
with:
install.packages("mctq")
Great! We now must load the package to memory to start using it. Do this with:
library(mctq)
Now we just need to get some MCTQ data. For demonstration purposes,
we’re going to use a small and fictional raw standard MCTQ data provided
by the mctq
package.
This dataset already has valid values. As for any data analysis, you must have clean and valid data before using any analysis tool. If you don’t know how to do that, we strongly recommend checking Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund free and online book R for data Science and the Coursera course from John Hopkins University Data Science: Foundations using R (free for audit students).
Teaching you how to load your data in R is outside the scope of this article. For that, we recommend checking the readr package from tidyverse.
Our fictional MCTQ data will be loaded with the code below. The
naming of the variables follows the same naming pattern used in MCTQ
publications. You can see the meaning of each variable by running
?std_mctq
in your console (you can also see it in this link).
library(readr)
<- readr::read_csv(mctq::raw_data("vignette_mctq.csv"),
data col_types = readr::cols(.default = "c"))
mctq
makes use of the lubridate and hms packages from tidyverse, which provide special
objects to deal with date/time values in R. If your dataset does not
conform to this structure, you first need to convert your data to
it.
Due to the circular nature of time, we strongly recommend that you use appropriate temporal objects while dealing with date/time in R. That can help you get rid of several computation mistakes while trying to adapt your data from a base 10 to a system rooted in a base 12 numerical system.
Teaching you how to parse/convert your data is outside the scope of this article. Please refer to the lubridate and hms package documentation to learn more about them. These two are essential packages to deal with date/time data in R. We also recommend that you read the Dates and times chapter from Wickham & Grolemund’s book “R for Data Science”.
Here we are interested in two types of time objects:
Duration
objects, to store time spans, such as sleep
latency, and hms
objects, to store local time values, such
as bedtime.
But first, let’s take a look at the data, shall we? If you’re using
RStudio,
you can run the code above and then type View(data)
in the
console to explore it.
data#> # A tibble: 5 × 20
#> id work wd bt_w sprep_w slat_w se_w si_w alarm_w wake_…¹ le_w bt_f
#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 1 TRUE 5 22:50 23:20 30 06:55 25 TRUE FALSE 01:00 23:35
#> 2 2 TRUE 2 21:25 21:30 5 05:05 5 TRUE FALSE 02:00 21:55
#> 3 3 TRUE 5 22:30 23:10 50 08:00 15 TRUE FALSE 02:15 22:40
#> 4 4 TRUE 2 00:45 01:10 15 08:55 20 TRUE FALSE 01:55 23:15
#> 5 5 TRUE 7 22:40 22:40 5 08:20 5 TRUE FALSE 02:00 00:30
#> # … with 8 more variables: sprep_f <chr>, slat_f <chr>, se_f <chr>, si_f <chr>,
#> # alarm_f <chr>, reasons_f <chr>, reasons_why_f <chr>, le_f <chr>, and
#> # abbreviated variable name ¹wake_before_w
As you can see, our data came in different formats. For example, the
column bt_w
(local time of going to bed on workdays) is in
hours:minutes
format, while slat_w
(sleep
latency on workdays) is a duration expressed in minutes.
Our fictional data will be parsed/converted with the code below. Please note that the lubridate and hms packages are equipped with easy tools and great documentation to help you with this task.
library(dplyr)
library(hms)
library(lubridate)
<- data %>% dplyr::mutate(
data ::across(c("id", "wd"), as.integer),
dplyr::across(dplyr::matches("^work$|^alarm_|^wake_|^reasons_f$"),
dplyr
as.logical),::across(dplyr::matches("^bt_|^sprep_|^se_"), hms::parse_hm),
dplyr::across(dplyr::matches("^slat_|^si_"),
dplyr~ lubridate::dminutes(as.numeric(.x))),
::across(dplyr::matches("^le_"),
dplyr~ lubridate::as.duration(hms::parse_hm(.x)))
)
Our data is now all set to start. Let’s take a look at it.
data#> # A tibble: 5 × 20
#> id work wd bt_w sprep_w slat_w se_w si_w
#> <int> <lgl> <int> <time> <time> <Duration> <tim> <Duration>
#> 1 1 TRUE 5 22:50 23:20 1800s (~30 minutes) 06:55 1500s (~25 minutes)
#> 2 2 TRUE 2 21:25 21:30 300s (~5 minutes) 05:05 300s (~5 minutes)
#> 3 3 TRUE 5 22:30 23:10 3000s (~50 minutes) 08:00 900s (~15 minutes)
#> 4 4 TRUE 2 00:45 01:10 900s (~15 minutes) 08:55 1200s (~20 minutes)
#> 5 5 TRUE 7 22:40 22:40 300s (~5 minutes) 08:20 300s (~5 minutes)
#> # … with 12 more variables: alarm_w <lgl>, wake_before_w <lgl>,
#> # le_w <Duration>, bt_f <time>, sprep_f <time>, slat_f <Duration>,
#> # se_f <time>, si_f <Duration>, alarm_f <lgl>, reasons_f <lgl>,
#> # reasons_why_f <chr>, le_f <Duration>
mctq
provides a complete and consistent toolkit to
process Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) data. To start this
process, we must first compute some MCTQ variables related to each
section of the questionnaire.
We’re going to use direct assigning while computing the MCTQ
variables, just because is more straightforward for the examples. But,
we recommend assigning variables to your dataset by using the
mutate()
function, included in the dplyr package.
fd()
: Number of work-free days per weekfd()
is a simple function that allows you to compute the
difference between the number of days in a week (7) and the number of
workdays per week (wd
). It takes only wd
as
argument.
The output must be the total of free days a respondent has in a week.
$fd <- fd(data$wd)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(wd, fd)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 2
#> wd fd
#> <int> <int>
#> 1 5 2
#> 2 2 5
#> 3 5 2
#> 4 2 5
#> 5 7 0
so()
: Local time of sleep onsetso()
allows you to compute the local time of sleep onset
for workdays (so_w
) and work-free days (so_f
).
It takes two arguments: sprep
(local time of preparing to
sleep) and slat
(sleep latency or time to fall asleep after
preparing to sleep).
The output must be the sum of sprep
and
slat
in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
What is a circular time frame of 24 hours? Run
?cycle_time
in your console or click in this link
for a detail explanation.
$so_w <- so(data$sprep_w, data$slat_w)
data$so_f <- so(data$sprep_f, data$slat_f)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(sprep_w, slat_w, so_w, sprep_f, slat_f, so_f)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 6
#> sprep_w slat_w so_w sprep_f slat_f so_f
#> <time> <Duration> <time> <time> <Duration> <time>
#> 1 23:20 1800s (~30 minutes) 23:50 00:15 300s (~5 minutes) 00:20
#> 2 21:30 300s (~5 minutes) 21:35 23:20 600s (~10 minutes) 23:30
#> 3 23:10 3000s (~50 minutes) 00:00 00:15 1500s (~25 minutes) 00:40
#> 4 01:10 900s (~15 minutes) 01:25 00:55 1500s (~25 minutes) 01:20
#> 5 22:40 300s (~5 minutes) 22:45 00:30 300s (~5 minutes) 00:35
gu()
: Local time of getting out of bedgu()
allows you to compute the local time of getting out
of bed for workdays (gu_w
) and work-free days
(gu_f
). It takes two arguments: se
(local time
of sleep end) and si
(sleep inertia).
The output must be the sum of se
and si
in
a circular time frame of 24 hours.
Please note that, despite the name, si
represents the
time that the respondent takes to get up after sleep end. We decided to
maintain the original names and abbreviations proposed by the MCTQ
authors.
$gu_w <- gu(data$se_w, data$si_w)
data$gu_f <- gu(data$se_f, data$si_f)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(se_w, si_w, gu_w, se_f, si_f, gu_f)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 6
#> se_w si_w gu_w se_f si_f gu_f
#> <time> <Duration> <time> <time> <Duration> <time>
#> 1 06:55 1500s (~25 minutes) 07:20 10:10 1500s (~25 minutes) 10:35
#> 2 05:05 300s (~5 minutes) 05:10 07:20 1200s (~20 minutes) 07:40
#> 3 08:00 900s (~15 minutes) 08:15 10:05 900s (~15 minutes) 10:20
#> 4 08:55 1200s (~20 minutes) 09:15 07:30 1200s (~20 minutes) 07:50
#> 5 08:20 300s (~5 minutes) 08:25 07:55 1500s (~25 minutes) 08:20
sdu()
: Sleep durationsdu()
allows you to compute the sleep duration for
workdays (sd_w
) and work-free days (sd_f
). It
takes two arguments: so
(local time of sleep onset) and
se
(local time of sleep end).
The output must be the difference between se
and
so
in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
Please note that, although we tried to preserve the original authors’
naming pattern for the MCTQ functions, the name sd
provokes
a dangerous name collision with the widely used stats::sd (standard
deviation) function. That’s why we named it as sdu
.
sdu()
and msl()
are the only exceptions, all
the other mctq
functions maintain a strong naming
resemblance with the original authors’ naming pattern.
$sd_w <- sdu(data$so_w, data$se_w)
data$sd_f <- sdu(data$so_f, data$se_f)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(so_w, se_w, sd_w, so_f, se_f, sd_f)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 6
#> so_w se_w sd_w so_f se_f sd_f
#> <time> <time> <Duration> <time> <time> <Duration>
#> 1 23:50 06:55 25500s (~7.08 hours) 00:20 10:10 35400s (~9.83 hours)
#> 2 21:35 05:05 27000s (~7.5 hours) 23:30 07:20 28200s (~7.83 hours)
#> 3 00:00 08:00 28800s (~8 hours) 00:40 10:05 33900s (~9.42 hours)
#> 4 01:25 08:55 27000s (~7.5 hours) 01:20 07:30 22200s (~6.17 hours)
#> 5 22:45 08:20 34500s (~9.58 hours) 00:35 07:55 26400s (~7.33 hours)
tbt()
: Total time in bedtbt()
allows you to compute total time in bed for
workdays (tbt_w
) and work-free days (tbt_f
).
It takes two arguments: bt
(local time of going to bed) and
gu
(local time of getting out of bed).
The output must be the difference between gu
and
bt
in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
$tbt_w <- tbt(data$bt_w, data$gu_w)
data$tbt_f <- tbt(data$bt_f, data$gu_f)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(bt_w, gu_w, tbt_w, bt_f, gu_f, tbt_f)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 6
#> bt_w gu_w tbt_w bt_f gu_f tbt_f
#> <time> <time> <Duration> <time> <time> <Duration>
#> 1 22:50 07:20 30600s (~8.5 hours) 23:35 10:35 39600s (~11 hours)
#> 2 21:25 05:10 27900s (~7.75 hours) 21:55 07:40 35100s (~9.75 hours)
#> 3 22:30 08:15 35100s (~9.75 hours) 22:40 10:20 42000s (~11.67 hours)
#> 4 00:45 09:15 30600s (~8.5 hours) 23:15 07:50 30900s (~8.58 hours)
#> 5 22:40 08:25 35100s (~9.75 hours) 00:30 08:20 28200s (~7.83 hours)
msl()
: Local time of mid-sleepmsl()
allows you to compute the local time of mid-sleep
for workdays (msw
) and work-free days (msf
).
It takes two arguments: so
(local time of sleep onset) and
sd
(sleep duration).
The output must be the sum of so
with the half of
sd
duration in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
$msw <- msl(data$so_w, data$sd_w)
data$msf <- msl(data$so_f, data$sd_f)
data
# Comparing the result
%>% dplyr::select(so_w, sd_w, msw, so_f, sd_f, msf)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 6
#> so_w sd_w msw so_f sd_f msf
#> <time> <Duration> <time> <time> <Duration> <time>
#> 1 23:50 25500s (~7.08 hours) 03:22:30 00:20 35400s (~9.83 hours) 05:15:00
#> 2 21:35 27000s (~7.5 hours) 01:20:00 23:30 28200s (~7.83 hours) 03:25:00
#> 3 00:00 28800s (~8 hours) 04:00:00 00:40 33900s (~9.42 hours) 05:22:30
#> 4 01:25 27000s (~7.5 hours) 05:10:00 01:20 22200s (~6.17 hours) 04:25:00
#> 5 22:45 34500s (~9.58 hours) 03:32:30 00:35 26400s (~7.33 hours) 04:15:00
We now have computed all MCTQ variables for each section of the questionnaire. Let’s move to some variables that summarize our findings considering workdays and work-free days.
sd_week()
: Average weekly sleep durationsd_week()
allows you to compute the average weekly sleep
duration. It takes three arguments: sd_w
(sleep duration on
workdays), sd_f
(sleep duration on work-free days), and
wd
(number of workdays per week).
The output must be the weighted mean of sd_w
and
sd_f
, with wd
and fd(wd)
as
weights, in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
$sd_week <- sd_week(data$sd_w, data$sd_f, data$wd)
data
# Comparing the result
<- data %>% dplyr::mutate(sd_week_rounded = mctq::round_time(sd_week))
data #> Warning: There was 1 warning in `dplyr::mutate()`.
#> ℹ In argument: `sd_week_rounded = mctq::round_time(sd_week)`.
#> Caused by warning:
#> ! `round_time()` was deprecated in mctq 0.3.2.
%>% dplyr::select(wd, sd_w, fd, sd_f, sd_week_rounded)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 5
#> wd sd_w fd sd_f sd_week_rounded
#> <int> <Duration> <int> <Duration> <Duration>
#> 1 5 25500s (~7.08 hours) 2 35400s (~9.83 hours) 28329s (~7.87 hours)
#> 2 2 27000s (~7.5 hours) 5 28200s (~7.83 hours) 27857s (~7.74 hours)
#> 3 5 28800s (~8 hours) 2 33900s (~9.42 hours) 30257s (~8.4 hours)
#> 4 2 27000s (~7.5 hours) 5 22200s (~6.17 hours) 23571s (~6.55 hours)
#> 5 7 34500s (~9.58 hours) 0 26400s (~7.33 hours) 34500s (~9.58 hours)
sloss_week()
: Weekly sleep losssloss_week()
allows you to compute the weekly sleep
loss. It takes three arguments: sd_w
(sleep duration on
workdays), sd_f
(sleep duration on work-free days), and
wd
(number of workdays per week).
If sd_week
(average weekly sleep duration) is greater
than sd_w
, the output must be the difference between
sd_week
and sd_w
times wd
. Else,
it must return the difference between sd_week
and
sd_f
times fd(wd
) (number of free days per
week). See ?sloss_week
to learn more.
$sloss_week <- sloss_week(data$sd_w, data$sd_f, data$wd)
data
# Comparing the result
<- data %>% dplyr::mutate(
data sloss_week_rounded = mctq::round_time(sloss_week))
%>% dplyr::select(wd, sd_w, fd, sd_f, sloss_week_rounded)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 5
#> wd sd_w fd sd_f sloss_week_rounded
#> <int> <Duration> <int> <Duration> <Duration>
#> 1 5 25500s (~7.08 hours) 2 35400s (~9.83 hours) 14143s (~3.93 hours)
#> 2 2 27000s (~7.5 hours) 5 28200s (~7.83 hours) 1714s (~28.57 minutes)
#> 3 5 28800s (~8 hours) 2 33900s (~9.42 hours) 7286s (~2.02 hours)
#> 4 2 27000s (~7.5 hours) 5 22200s (~6.17 hours) 6857s (~1.9 hours)
#> 5 7 34500s (~9.58 hours) 0 26400s (~7.33 hours) 0s
le_week()
: Average weekly light exposurele_week()
allows you to compute the average weekly light
exposure. It takes three arguments: le_w
(light exposure on
workdays), le_f
(light exposure on work-free days), and
wd
(number of workdays per week).
The output must be the weighted mean of le_w
and
le_f
, with wd
and fd(wd)
as
weights, in a circular time frame of 24 hours.
Please note that light exposure is measured only with the full version of the standard MCTQ.
$le_week <- le_week(data$le_w, data$le_f, data$wd)
data
# Comparing the result
<- data %>% dplyr::mutate(le_week_rounded = mctq::round_time(le_week))
data %>% dplyr::select(wd, le_w, fd, le_f, le_week_rounded)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 5
#> wd le_w fd le_f le_week_rounded
#> <int> <Duration> <int> <Duration> <Duration>
#> 1 5 3600s (~1 hours) 2 12000s (~3.33 hours) 6000s (~1.67 hours)
#> 2 2 7200s (~2 hours) 5 12900s (~3.58 hours) 11271s (~3.13 hours)
#> 3 5 8100s (~2.25 hours) 2 9900s (~2.75 hours) 8614s (~2.39 hours)
#> 4 2 6900s (~1.92 hours) 5 9300s (~2.58 hours) 8614s (~2.39 hours)
#> 5 7 7200s (~2 hours) 0 7800s (~2.17 hours) 7200s (~2 hours)
msf_sc()
: Chronotype or sleep-corrected local time of
mid-sleep on work-free daysmsf_sc()
allows you to compute the chronotype, or
corrected local time of mid-sleep on work-free days. It takes five
arguments: msf
(local time of mid-sleep on work-free days),
sd_w
(sleep duration on workdays), sd_f
(sleep
duration on work-free days), sd_week
(average weekly sleep
duration), and alarm_f
(a logical
object
indicating if the respondent uses an alarm clock to wake up on work-free
days).
If sd_f
is less or equal than sd_w
, the
output must be msf
. Else, it must return msf
minus the difference between sd_f
and sd_week
divided by 2. msf_sc
can only be computed if
alarm_f
is equal to FALSE
(the function will
return NA
when alarm_f == TRUE
).
msf_sc
applies a correction to msf
,
removing an estimation of the effect from accumulated sleep debt on
workdays that usually is compensated on work-free days. See
?msf_sc
to learn more.
$msf_sc <- msf_sc(data$msf, data$sd_w, data$sd_f, data$sd_week,
data$alarm_f)
data
# Comparing the result
<- data %>% dplyr::mutate(msf_sc_rounded = mctq::round_time(msf_sc))
data %>% dplyr::select(msf, msf_sc_rounded)
data #> # A tibble: 5 × 2
#> msf msf_sc_rounded
#> <time> <time>
#> 1 05:15:00 04:16:04
#> 2 03:25:00 03:22:09
#> 3 05:22:30 04:52:09
#> 4 04:25:00 04:25:00
#> 5 04:15:00 04:15:00
We have now processed all the MCTQ standard variables proposed by the MCTQ authors.
Before we look at the final data, let’s first reorder the columns to
a nice logical order and remove some *_rounded
variables
that we created just for show.
<- data %>%
data ::relocate(
dplyr
id, work, wd, fd,
bt_w, sprep_w, slat_w, so_w, se_w, si_w, gu_w, alarm_w,
wake_before_w, sd_w, tbt_w, le_w, msw,
bt_f, sprep_f, slat_f, so_f, se_f, si_f, gu_f, alarm_f,
reasons_f, reasons_why_f, sd_f, tbt_f, le_f, msf,
sd_week, sloss_week, le_week, msf_sc, sjl_rel, sjl%>%
) ::select(-dplyr::ends_with("_rounded")) dplyr
And our final dataset is …
data#> # A tibble: 5 × 37
#> id work wd fd bt_w sprep_w slat_w so_w se_w
#> <int> <lgl> <int> <int> <time> <time> <Duration> <time> <time>
#> 1 1 TRUE 5 2 22:50 23:20 1800s (~30 minutes) 23:50 06:55
#> 2 2 TRUE 2 5 21:25 21:30 300s (~5 minutes) 21:35 05:05
#> 3 3 TRUE 5 2 22:30 23:10 3000s (~50 minutes) 00:00 08:00
#> 4 4 TRUE 2 5 00:45 01:10 900s (~15 minutes) 01:25 08:55
#> 5 5 TRUE 7 0 22:40 22:40 300s (~5 minutes) 22:45 08:20
#> # … with 28 more variables: si_w <Duration>, gu_w <time>, alarm_w <lgl>,
#> # wake_before_w <lgl>, sd_w <Duration>, tbt_w <Duration>, le_w <Duration>,
#> # msw <time>, bt_f <time>, sprep_f <time>, slat_f <Duration>, so_f <time>,
#> # se_f <time>, si_f <Duration>, gu_f <time>, alarm_f <lgl>, reasons_f <lgl>,
#> # reasons_why_f <chr>, sd_f <Duration>, tbt_f <Duration>, le_f <Duration>,
#> # msf <time>, sd_week <Duration>, sloss_week <Duration>, le_week <Duration>,
#> # msf_sc <time>, sjl_rel <Duration>, sjl <Duration>
If you’re using RStudio, you
can run all the code showed above and then type View(data)
in the console to explore the final result.
If you don’t feel comfortable with the way Duration
objects are printed, mctq
provides a utility function to
help you. Just use pretty_mctq()
to get a better view.
pretty_mctq(data, round = FALSE)
#> # A tibble: 5 × 37
#> id work wd fd bt_w sprep_w slat_w so_w se_w si_w gu_w alarm_w
#> <int> <lgl> <int> <int> <time> <time> <time> <tim> <tim> <time> <tim> <lgl>
#> 1 1 TRUE 5 2 22:50 23:20 30'00" 23:50 06:55 25'00" 07:20 TRUE
#> 2 2 TRUE 2 5 21:25 21:30 05'00" 21:35 05:05 05'00" 05:10 TRUE
#> 3 3 TRUE 5 2 22:30 23:10 50'00" 00:00 08:00 15'00" 08:15 TRUE
#> 4 4 TRUE 2 5 00:45 01:10 15'00" 01:25 08:55 20'00" 09:15 TRUE
#> 5 5 TRUE 7 0 22:40 22:40 05'00" 22:45 08:20 05'00" 08:25 TRUE
#> # … with 25 more variables: wake_before_w <lgl>, sd_w <time>, tbt_w <time>,
#> # le_w <time>, msw <time>, bt_f <time>, sprep_f <time>, slat_f <time>,
#> # so_f <time>, se_f <time>, si_f <time>, gu_f <time>, alarm_f <lgl>,
#> # reasons_f <lgl>, reasons_why_f <chr>, sd_f <time>, tbt_f <time>,
#> # le_f <time>, msf <time>, sd_week <time>, sloss_week <time>, le_week <time>,
#> # msf_sc <time>, sjl_rel <time>, sjl <time>
Before we end, it’s important to note that mctq
also
provides some utility tools to help with your MCTQ data. Here are some
of them.
pretty_mctq()
: Make a MCTQ dataset more
presentable.random_mctq()
: Build a random MCTQ case.mctq
also provides fictional datasets of the standard,
micro, and shift versions for testing and learning purposes.
std_mctq
: A fictional standard MCTQ dataset
(?std_mctq
).micro_mctq
: A fictional \(\mu\)MCTQ dataset
(?micro_mctq
).shift_mctq
: A fictional MCTQ\(^{Shift}\) dataset
(?shift_mctq
).We encouraged you to read the documentation of the features above. You may find it worth your time.