Deploying TensorFlow Models

MNIST Model

We’ll use a Keras model that recognizes handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset as an example. MNIST consists of 28 x 28 grayscale images of handwritten digits like these:

The dataset also includes labels for each image. For example, the labels for the above images are 5, 0, 4, and 1.

Here’s the complete source code for the model:

library(keras)

# load data
c(c(x_train, y_train), c(x_test, y_test)) %<-% dataset_mnist()

# reshape and rescale
x_train <- array_reshape(x_train, dim = c(nrow(x_train), 784)) / 255
x_test <- array_reshape(x_test, dim = c(nrow(x_test), 784)) / 255

# one-hot encode response
y_train <- to_categorical(y_train, 10)
y_test <- to_categorical(y_test, 10)

# define and compile model
model <- keras_model_sequential()
model %>%
  layer_dense(units = 256, activation = 'relu', input_shape = c(784),
              name = "image") %>%
  layer_dense(units = 128, activation = 'relu') %>%
  layer_dense(units = 10, activation = 'softmax',
              name = "prediction") %>%
  compile(
    loss = 'categorical_crossentropy',
    optimizer = optimizer_rmsprop(),
    metrics = c('accuracy')
  )

# train model
history <- model %>% fit(
  x_train, y_train,
  epochs = 35, batch_size = 128,
  validation_split = 0.2
)

In R, it is easy to make predictions using the the trained model and R’s predict function:

preds <- predict(model, x_test[1:5,])

        [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,]    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    1    0     0
[2,]    0    0    1    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
[3,]    0    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
[4,]    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0

Each row represents an image, each column represents a digit from 0-9, and the values represent the model’s prediction. For example, the first image is predicted to be a 7.

What if we want to deploy the model in an environment where R isn’t available? The following sections cover exporting and deploying the model with the tfdeploy package.

Exporting the Model

After training, the next step is to export the model as a TensorFlow SavedModel using the export_savedmodel() function:

library(tfdeploy)
export_savedmodel(model, "savedmodel")

This will create a “savedmodel” directory that contains a saved version of your MNIST model. You can view the graph of your model using TensorBoard with the view_savedmodel() function:

view_savedmodel("savedmodel")

Using the Exported Model

To test the exported model locally, use the serve_savedmodel() function.

library(tfdeploy)
serve_savedmodel('savedmodel', browse = TRUE)

The REST API for the model is served under localhost with port 8989. Because we specified the browse = TRUE parameter, a webpage that describes the REST interface to the model is also displayed. The REST interface is based on the CloudML predict request API.

The model can be used for prediction by making HTTP POST requests. The body of the request should contain instances of data to generate predictions for. The HTTP response will provide the model’s predictions. The data in the request body should be pre-processed and formatted in the same way as the original training data (e.g. feature scaling and normalization, pixel transformations for images, etc.).

For MNIST, the request body could be a JSON file containing one or more pre-processed images:

new_image.json

{
  "instances": [
    {
      "image_input": [0.12,0,0.79,...,0,0]
    }
  ]
}

The HTTP POST request would be:

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d @new_image.json http://localhost:8089/serving_default/predict

Similar to R’s predict function, the response includes an array representing the digits 0-9. The image in new_image.json is predicted to be a 7 (since that’s the column which has a 1, whereas the other columns have values approximating zero).

{
  "predictions": [
    {
      "prediction": [
        1.3306e-24,
        4.9968e-26,
        1.8917e-23,
        1.7047e-21,
        0,
        8.963e-33,
        0,
        1,
        2.3306e-32,
        2.0314e-22
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Deploying the Model

Once you are satisifed with local testing, the next step is to deploy the model so others can use it. There are a number of available options for this including TensorFlow Serving, CloudML, and RStudio Connect. For example, to deploy the saved model to CloudML we could use the cloudml package:

library(cloudml)
cloudml_deploy("savedmodel", name = "keras_mnist", version = "keras_mnist_1")

The same HTTP POST request we used to test the model locally can be used to generate predictions on CloudML, provided the proper access to the CloudML API.

Now that we’ve deployed a simple end-to-end example, we’ll describe the process of Model Export and Model Deployment in more detail.

keras

The Keras Example above includes complete example code for creating and using SavedModel instances from Keras so we won’t repeat all of those details here.

To export a TensorFlow SavedModel from a Keras model, simply call the export_savedmodel() function on any Keras model:

export_savedmodel(model, "savedmodel")

Keras learning phase set to 0 for export (restart R session before doing additional training)

Note the message that is printed: exporting a Keras model requires setting the Keras “learning phase” to 0. In practice, this means that after calling export_savedmodel you can not continue to train models in the same R session.

It is important to assign reasonable names to the the first and last layers. For example, in the model code above we named the first layer “image” and the last layer “prediction”.

model %>%
  layer_dense(units = 256, activation = 'relu', input_shape = c(784),
              name = "image") %>%
  layer_dense(units = 128, activation = 'relu') %>%
  layer_dense(units = 10, activation = 'softmax',
              name = "prediction")

The layer names are reflected in the structure of REST requests and responses to and from the deployed model.

tfestimators

Exporting a TensorFlow SavedModel from a TF Estimators model works exactly the same way as exporting a keras model, simply call export_savedmodel() on the estimator. Here is a complete example:

library(tfestimators)

mtcars_input_fn <- function(data, num_epochs = 1) {
  input_fn(data,
           features = c("disp", "cyl"),
           response = "mpg",
           batch_size = 32,
           num_epochs = num_epochs)
}

cols <- feature_columns(column_numeric("disp"), column_numeric("cyl"))

model <- linear_regressor(feature_columns = cols)

indices <- sample(1:nrow(mtcars), size = 0.80 * nrow(mtcars))
train <- mtcars[indices, ]
test  <- mtcars[-indices, ]

model %>% train(mtcars_input_fn(train, num_epochs = 10))

export_savedmodel(model, "savedmodel")

Generating predictions is done in the same way as with exported Keras models. First, use serve_savedmodel() to host the model locally. Once running, an HTTP POST request can be made:

curl -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:8089/predict/predict/" \ 
  -H "accept: application/json"                       \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json"                 \
  -d "{ \"instances\": [ { \"disp\": [ 160 ], \"cyl\": [ 4 ] } ]}"

Each instance of new data should be formatted as a json array, and each element in the array should be a named array corresponding to the feature columns. This structure is similar to a named list in R.

The response is the predicted MPG:

{
  "predictions": [
    {
      "predictions": [
        8.4974
      ]
    }
  ]
}

tensorflow

The tensorflow package provides a lower-level interface to the TensorFlow API. You can also use the export_savedmodel() function to export models created with this API, however you need to provide some additional parmaeters indicating which tensors represent the inputs and outputs for your model.

For example, here’s an MNIST model using the core TensorFlow API along with the requisite call to export_savedmodel():

library(tensorflow)

sess <- tf$Session()
datasets <- tf$contrib$learn$datasets
mnist <- datasets$mnist$read_data_sets("MNIST-data", one_hot = TRUE)

# Note that we define x as the input tensor
# and y as the output tensor that will contain
# the scores. These are referenced in export_savedmodel
x <- tf$placeholder(tf$float32, shape(NULL, 784L))
W <- tf$Variable(tf$zeros(shape(784L, 10L)))
b <- tf$Variable(tf$zeros(shape(10L)))
y <- tf$nn$softmax(tf$matmul(x, W) + b)
y_ <- tf$placeholder(tf$float32, shape(NULL, 10L))
cross_entropy <- tf$reduce_mean(
  -tf$reduce_sum(y_ * tf$log(y), reduction_indices=1L)
)

optimizer <- tf$train$GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5)
train_step <- optimizer$minimize(cross_entropy)

init <- tf$global_variables_initializer()
sess$run(init)

for (i in 1:1000) {
  batches <- mnist$train$next_batch(100L)
  batch_xs <- batches[[1]]
  batch_ys <- batches[[2]]
  sess$run(train_step,
           feed_dict = dict(x = batch_xs, y_ = batch_ys))
}

export_savedmodel(
  sess,
  "savedmodel",
  inputs = list(image_input = x),
  outputs = list(scores = y))

Once the model is exported, the same process of using serve_savedmodel can be used, and the same HTTP requests demonstrated in the Keras example can be used against the tensorflow model.

CloudML

You can deploy TensorFlow SavedModels to Google’s CloudML service using functions from the cloudml package. For example:

library(cloudml)
cloudml_deploy("savedmodel", name = "keras_mnist")

Once deployed to CloudML, predictions can be made using the same REST interace we previously used locally. The HTTP POST requests will be similar to the sample requests, but CloudML additiobnally requires proper authorization.

See the Deploying Models article on the CloudML package website for additional details.

RStudio Connect

RStudio Connect is a publishing platform for applications, reports, and APIs created with R. Connect runs on-premise or in your own cloud infrastructure, giving you full control of the deployment environment. Connect can also integrate with your own security services and user management tools.

An upcoming version of RStudio Connect will include support for hosting TensorFlow SavedModels, using the same REST interface as is supported by the local server and CloudML.

Exported models will be published to Connect using the rsconnect package, for example:

library(rsconnect)
deployTFModel('savedmodel', account = <username>, server = <internal_connect_server>)

If you would like to preview the feature, or get more information, contact sales@rstudio.com.

TensorFlow Serving

TensorFlow Serving is an open-source library and server implementation that allows you to serve TensorFlow SavedModels using a gRPC interface as opposed to the REST interface offered by the previous deployment tools.

Once you have exported a TensorFlow model using export_savedmodel() it’s straightforward to deploy it using TensorFlow Serving. See the documentation at https://www.tensorflow.org/serving for additional details.